腸病毒的流行季節,其實存在地區差異
腸病毒是一種好發於嬰幼兒的病毒感染,主要經糞口、飛沫傳播,傳染力極強,常常在家庭、學校和社區中快速傳播,常見症狀有發燒、喉嚨痛、口腔潰瘍等,嚴重時可能引發腦膜炎、心肌炎等併發症。因此,平時做好勤洗手、降低與病人的接觸、保持環境清潔等預防措施非常重要,大流行期間更是不可輕忽。
了解腸病毒的流行季節並及早做好預防措施,是保護自己和家人的健康重要守則。但其實腸病毒的流行季節並非所有地方都一樣,會因地理位置和氣候條件而有所不同。在台灣,根據衛生福利部疾病管制署的資料,腸病毒通常在每年三月底到四月初開始進入流行季節,於五月底到六月中達到高峰後逐漸趨緩,而其他地區則略有差異:
溫帶地區 – 夏季和初秋是高峰期
在四季分明的溫帶地區,腸病毒感染具有明顯的季節性。溫帶地區位於南北緯23.5〫至66.5〫之間,包含國人常去旅行的日本、韓國、歐美國家與中國北部等地區,家長若有帶小朋友旅行的安排上須特別注意。
根據研究顯示,腸病毒感染主要發生在夏季和初秋。以美國為例,超過80%的腸病毒感染發生在六月到十月之間。這段時間氣溫較高,病毒更容易滋生和傳播,且孩子們也更常在戶外活動、玩耍,增加了接觸病毒的機會。
然而,這並不代表其他季節就完全安全。冬季也可能出現腸病毒的爆發,不能輕忽大意。
熱帶與亞熱帶地區 – 全年都有感染風險,雨季更需注意
熱帶地區位於南北回歸線之間,包含國人經常造訪的東南亞地區、中國南部等地,台灣則位於亞熱帶。
相較於溫帶地區,熱帶和亞熱帶地區的腸病毒感染,呈現全年發生的趨勢,沒有明顯的高峰期和低峰期之分。這是因為這些地區氣溫終年溫暖,有利於病毒的生存和繁殖,尤其在雨季由於環境潮濕,病毒更容易傳播,感染的機率也會相對提高。
衛生福利部疾病管制署提醒,腸病毒在台灣地區的流行時間一般是在三月至十月,最高峰時期是三月下旬至六月中,隨後於九月份開學後再度出現一波流行。但整年都有可能發生傳染或病例聚集,全年都有傳染個案。
腸病毒的臺灣與全球流行概況
全球每年估計發生10億起以上的腸病毒感染。以美國為例,每年約有3000萬至5000萬例感染,其中約1000萬至1500萬例出現症狀。超過80%的感染發生在20歲以下的個體,其中以4歲及以下的嬰幼兒發病率最高。近45%的感染發生在1歲以下的嬰兒。在受感染兒童的家庭成員中,超過50%的易感個體會出現繼發感染的臨床或血清學證據。
在台灣,腸病毒是地方性流行疾病之一,全年皆有感染個案發生。根據衛生福利部疾病管制署的監測資料顯示,5歲以下幼童是感染腸病毒併發重症及死亡的高危險群體,佔所有重症病例的90%左右,死亡率也以5歲以下幼童最高,其重症致死率在1.3至33.3%之間,而腸病毒71型是導致感染腸病毒併發重症的主要型別。
對抗腸病毒流行:預防勝於治療
腸病毒感染的流行季節會因地理位置和氣候條件而有所不同,溫帶地區主要集中在夏季和初秋,而熱帶和亞熱帶地區則全年都有感染風險。
無論身處何處,為了保護自己和家人的健康,都應建立良好生活習慣,像是勤洗手、降低接觸病人的機率、保持環境衛生、注意通風、避免出入過度擁擠的公共場所等。尤其家中有嬰幼兒的父母與托育機構更應格外注意,一旦發現孩子出現疑似症狀,應立即就醫,避免延誤病情。時刻保持警惕,做好預防措施,才能在腸病毒流行時有效保護你與家人的健康!
Reference
[1] Molecular and Clinical Comparison of Enterovirus D68 Outbreaks among Hospitalized Children, Ohio, USA, 2014 and 2018. /Emerging infectious diseases /2019 LINK
[2] Detectable SARSCoV2 viral RNA in feces of three children during recovery period of COVID19 pneumonia. /Journal of medical virology /2020 LINK
[3] Contamination sources of the enteric virus in recreational marine water shift in a seasonal pattern. /The Science of the total environment /2020 LINK
[4] Agespecific spectrum of etiological pathogens for viral diarrhea among children in twelve consecutive winterspring seasons (20092021) in China. /Journal of medical virology /2022 LINK
[5] Molecular and Clinical Comparison of Enterovirus D68 Outbreaks among Hospitalized Children, Ohio, USA, 2014 and 2018. /Emerging infectious diseases /2019 LINK
[6] Seasonality of Respiratory Viral Infections. /Annual review of virology /2020 LINK
[7] Contamination sources of the enteric virus in recreational marine water shift in a seasonal pattern. /The Science of the total environment /2020 LINK
[8] Seasonality of influenza and other respiratory viruses. /EMBO molecular medicine /2022 LINK
[9] Seasonality of Respiratory Viral Infections. /Annual review of virology /2020 LINK
[10] Contamination sources of the enteric virus in recreational marine water shift in a seasonal pattern. /The Science of the total environment /2020 LINK
[11] Temperature dependent viral tropism: understanding viral seasonality and pathogenicity as applied to the avoidance and treatment of endemic viral respiratory illnesses. /Reviews in medical virology /2022 LINK
[12] Seasonality of influenza and other respiratory viruses. /EMBO molecular medicine /2022 LINK
[13] Seasonality of Rotavirus Hospitalizations at Costa Rica’s National Children’s Hospital in 20102015. /International journal of environmental research and public health /2019 LINK
[14] Trends in acute viral gastroenteritis among children aged ≤5 years through the national surveillance system in South Korea, 20132019. /Journal of medical virology /2021 LINK
[15] Characterization of rotavirus strains isolated from children with acute gastroenteritis in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. /Journal of medical virology /2022 LINK
[16] Outbreak of central nervous system infections among children in Thai Binh, Viet Nam. /Emerging microbes & infections /2022 LINK
[17] Molecular and Clinical Comparison of Enterovirus D68 Outbreaks among Hospitalized Children, Ohio, USA, 2014 and 2018. /Emerging infectious diseases /2019 LINK
[18] Global epidemiology of nonpolio enteroviruses causing severe neurological complications: A systematic review and metaanalysis. /Reviews in medical virology /2020 LINK
[19] Paediatric gastrointestinal disorders in SARSCoV2 infection: Epidemiological and clinical implications. /World journal of gastroenterology /2021 LINK
[20] Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Trajectory of Emerging Echovirus 30, Europe. /Emerging infectious diseases /2021 LINK
[21] Seasonality of Respiratory Viral Infections. /Annual review of virology /2020 LINK
[22] Contamination sources of the enteric virus in recreational marine water shift in a seasonal pattern. /The Science of the total environment /2020 LINK
[23] A literature review of 2019 novel coronavirus (SARSCoV2) infection in neonates and children. /Pediatric research /2021 LINK
[24] A Pediatric Infectious Disease Perspective on COVID19. /Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America /2021 LINK
[25] Antivirals and vaccines for Enterovirus A71. /Journal of biomedical science /2019 LINK
[26] Hypoxia and therapeutic treatment of EVA71 with an immune modulator TLR7 agonist in a new immunocompetent mouse model. /Journal of biomedical science /2019 LINK
[27] Paediatric gastrointestinal disorders in SARSCoV2 infection: Epidemiological and clinical implications. /World journal of gastroenterology /2021 LINK
[28] Gastrointestinal, hepatic and pancreatic manifestations of COVID19 in children. /Clinics and research in hepatology and gastroenterology /2022 LINK
[29] Detection and disinfection of COVID19 virus in wastewater. /Environmental chemistry letters /2021 LINK
[30] Epidemiological significance of the occurrence and persistence of rotaviruses in water and sewage: a critical review and proposal for routine microbiological monitoring. /Environmental science. Processes & impacts /2022 LINK
[31] The potential impact of intensified community hand hygiene interventions on respiratory tract infections: a modelling study. /Proceedings. Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences /2022 LINK
[32] VesicleCloaked Rotavirus Clusters are Environmentally Persistent and Resistant to Free Chlorine Disinfection. /Environmental science & technology /2022 LINK