惱人的咳嗽:兒童夜咳的常見原因
咳嗽是人體清除呼吸道異物或分泌物的自然機制。當咽喉、氣管或支氣管受到刺激,例如異物嗆咳、刺激性物質或溫度變化,就會觸發咳嗽反射。這個反射過程包含五個步驟:感受器受到刺激、神經傳遞至延髓的咳嗽中樞、咳嗽中樞的神經纖維將神經活動傳遞至橫膈膜、胸壁和腹部肌肉、這些肌肉收縮,最後聲門突然打開,產生咳嗽。
兒童夜咳常見的原因包括本身有過敏體質、鼻涕倒流以及生理時鐘的影響。過敏孩子的氣管對環境變化特別敏銳,溫度下降或接觸塵蟎會引起大量黏液分泌,導致夜間咳嗽。另外,鼻涕倒流也會刺激咽喉,引發咳嗽。若孩子出現了夜咳症狀,應避免使用家中現有的止咳藥水,建議就醫檢查。
咳嗽的另一個主因是感染。絕大多數的上呼吸道感染是由病毒引起的,例如呼吸道融合病毒、鼻病毒和流感病毒,約占90%。其餘10%的感染則是由細菌引起,包括肺炎鏈球菌、流感嗜血桿菌、黴漿菌、金黃色葡萄球菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,這些感染通常也伴隨著病毒感染。在所有年齡層中,急性咳嗽最常見的原因是病毒感染。反覆發作的病毒性支氣管炎在學齡前兒童和學齡兒童中最為普遍,也是所有年齡層兒童長期咳嗽的最常見原因。
咳嗽的常見原因與機率
兒童咳嗽的原因及其相對發生率如下:
- 最可能:病毒感染
- 可能:上呼吸道咳嗽症候群(以前稱為鼻後滴漏;包括過敏)、急性支氣管炎
- 不太可能:哮吼、慢性支氣管炎、慢性阻塞性肺病、氣喘、肺炎、ACE抑制劑誘發
- 非常不可能:心臟衰竭、支氣管擴張、肺結核、癌症、氣胸、肺膿瘍、諾卡氏菌病、胃食道逆流、心因性咳嗽
兒童慢性夜咳的成因包括鼻竇炎、中耳炎、氣喘和支氣管炎等。這些疾病不僅會導致夜間咳嗽,也可能伴有其他症狀如喘鳴聲或胸骨上方凹陷。了解具體原因後,才能采取適當的治療措施,減少夜咳的困擾。
孩子慢性咳嗽的可能原因:氣喘與其他
兒童慢性咳嗽的原因非常多樣,包括嚴重的呼吸系統疾病,因此正確診斷和治療至關重要。在一項針對兒童慢性咳嗽的研究,發現氣喘和慢性細菌性支氣管炎是最常見的原因。阻塞性睡眠呼吸中止症也是一個可能的原因,尤其是在兒童睡眠問卷得分較高的孩子中,用多項睡眠生理檢查可以確認夜咳原因是否為睡眠呼吸中止症。
夜咳與喘鳴:小兒氣喘的蛛絲馬跡?
有些孩子會反覆咳嗽,但沒有喘鳴,是否為輕微的氣喘的表現,醫學上有爭議。一項縱向研究比較了夜咳和喘鳴的風險因素,發現兩者之間的關聯性並不強。其他因素如日托、胃食道逆流和支氣管炎家族史,與咳嗽的關聯性更強;而男性和氣喘家族史則與喘鳴的關聯性也較強。
超過三分之一的學齡前兒童咳嗽會持續到學齡期,但他們發生喘鳴的風險與早期調查中無症狀的兒童相似。喘鳴在整個兒童時期的追蹤比咳嗽更為明顯。這項研究的結論是,單純只有夜咳的兒童未來發生喘鳴的風險不會增加,因此不太支持反覆咳嗽但沒有喘鳴可能代表氣喘變異型的假設。
胃食道逆流與慢性咳嗽的關係
成人的胃食道逆流可能造成慢性咳嗽,孩童的胃食道逆流,包括生理性胃食道逆流(GER,指幼兒餵食或餵奶後所造成的嘔吐,通常發生在1歲前)或胃食道逆流疾病(GERD)是否會導致兒童慢性咳嗽,目前仍存在爭議。
夜咳與感冒:如何區分?
感冒的典型症狀包括流鼻涕、鼻塞,也常伴有喉嚨痛、打噴嚏、咳嗽和全身不適。感冒通常由病毒引起,最常見的是鼻病毒。鼻病毒感染也可能導致其他呼吸道疾病,例如支氣管炎和氣喘惡化。
單純的感冒引起的咳嗽通常會在幾天內自行緩解,伴隨著其他感冒症狀,例如流鼻涕和打噴嚏。如果咳嗽持續超過兩週,或者伴有其他症狀,例如喘鳴、呼吸困難或發燒,就應該尋求醫療協助,以排除其他更嚴重的疾病,例如氣喘或肺炎。
孩子咳嗽何時需要就醫?
如果孩子的咳嗽持續超過兩週,或者伴隨以下症狀,請立即就醫:
- 呼吸困難或喘鳴
- 發燒
- 食慾不振或體重減輕
- 胸痛
- 咳出濃稠的黃綠色痰液
- 嘴唇或指甲發紫
照顧咳嗽寶貝的居家護理
除了醫療照護,平時在家中的環境或生活習慣也需要注意:
保持室內空氣濕潤
使用加濕器或在浴室放熱水,讓孩子吸入濕潤的空氣,可以舒緩呼吸道。
多喝溫開水
幫助稀釋痰液,更容易咳出。
避免接觸刺激物
例如二手菸、灰塵和花粉。
充足的休息
讓孩子充分休息,有助於身體恢復。
遵從醫囑服藥
切勿自行購買成藥給孩子服用。
結語
孩子夜咳的原因很多,從普通的感冒到氣喘都有可能,找出根本原因才能對症下藥。如果孩子咳嗽持續時間較長或伴有其他症狀,請務必尋求專業醫師的診斷和治療,以確保孩子的健康。切勿自行診斷和用藥,以免延誤病情。
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